WALLACE W HANSEN

Native Plants of the Northwest
Native Plant Nursery & Gardens

2158 Bower Ct S.E., Salem, Oregon 97317-9216

E-Mail: Wallace W Hansen
PHONE  503-581-2638, FAX 503-549-8739

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Updated June 01, 2008

PLANT CATALOG: PERENNIALS and FERNS

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		Some parts edible
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Plant botanical name,

common name and description

Achillea millefolium (Milfoil, Yarrow)

Yarrow is an aromatic perennial herb known to most of us for its medicinal qualities. Present day uses are centered more on external injuries. Known as a styptic to stop bleeding, an astringent and anti-inflammatory to sooth, and antiseptic to cleanse, it is no wonder it is a staple of the herb garden. It is also known for its ability to repel insects, which is beneficial to surrounding plants. The tall 1-3’ flowers are white, rounded to flat umbels that may be tinged with pink or yellow and appear from Spring through Fall. The name millefolium means a thousand leaves and refers to the numerous small leaves, which give this plant its ferny appearance. Yarrow has naturalized throughout the Northern Hemisphere but has Eurasian origins. It grows favorably in USDA zones 1-11 and most situations except deep shade and in areas containing standing water. Yarrow spreads quickly by rhizomes and forms dense mattes making it a good choice for reducing soil erosion on slopes and hillsides.

A beautiful plant that spreads quickly by rhizomes to carpet the shady understory. The large, clover like leaves have fluttering scallops along the edges. Tiny white flowers form on the on thin, erect stalks. Dried leaves smell heavenly, like vanilla, and are said to repel insects. They remain on the plant as "skeletons" throughout the winter and are as delicate as fairy wings. Vanilla Leaf is found from BC to northern California and is hardy from USDA zones 7-9. It prefers shaded, moist sites with some shade. It is an excellent companion to the delicate Lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), and fits perfectly in the understory of Thimbleberry or Salmonberry (Rubus parvifloris or spectabilis) or even the Western Azalea (Rhododendron occidentale).

Allium acuminatum (Hooker’s Onion, Taper Tip Onion)

A wild onion found mainly in the Western states from British Columbia to California as well as regions of Idaho and Utah. At first glance, this allium looks much like other wild onions; but there are some differences. It is found in clusters and the grass-like leaves wither before it blooms. The flowers of Hooker’s Onion are usually bright pink but can be white on occasion and are have tepals that are turned upward. All parts of the plant have a classic onion odor and were occasionally used as a food source for coastal Indians. Taper tip onion bulbs can be planted in either Spring or Fall in a dry open sunny location. They will tolerate some moisture, providing the soil is well drained; but are happiest in a dry habitat. They are important in habitat restoration and for aesthetic purposes in USDA zones 3-9.

Allium cernuum (Nodding Onion)

As the name implies, the pink to rose flower clusters of this onion nod downward like little lanterns. This is a very widely distributed onion found growing across the United States. In the Pacific Northwest, Nodding Onions may be found at lower elevations in dry open woodlands and along sandy coastal bluffs. The grassy leaves of this onion remain green throughout flowering. The onion odor is so strong that Native Americans once thought them to be unpalatable, but once roasted, they found them perfect for flavoring wild fish and game and soon became a treat at harvest time. To assure that they are an edible onion, always check for the onion odor; if it is not there, do not eat them. Considered a meadow onion, they do best with moisture in USDA zones 3-10. They are generally planted for their ornamental nodding heads and in habitat restoration.

A beautiful member of the Aster family, this plant is an excellent choice for reclaiming bare land as it tolerates all types of abuse and neglect! It survives drought, pollution and weak soils. Besides these attributes, it is a beautiful wildflower that attracts butterflies. The foliage is distinct, with its soft, downy wool on the stems and undersides of the leaves. The stems are 8-24" and end with a cluster of yellow flowers, surrounded by many white, papery bracts. These are used for dried flower bouquets. Pearly everlasting is found in open forest meadows, rocky slopes and disturbed areas across North America from USDA zones 4-10.

An elegant perennial, Nodding red flowers distinguish this elegant plant from the Blue Columbine, above, whose flowers are held erect. Hummingbirds and butterflies thrive on columbine nectar. This is a beautiful, delightful flower reaching to about 2' tall. A fine native for every garden, Red Columbine is native along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Baja, California and east into Utah (USDA 7-10). This columbine needs regular water but is otherwise very adaptable. Natives groups used Red Columbine medicinally.

A graceful woodland perennial, Goatsbeard grows from 3-6' tall and quickly spreads to fill a site. In the native garden, it provides an elegant backdrop for the smaller wildflowers - a bouquet that never fades! Goatsbeard forms several erect stems to support the long plumes of tiny white flowers that droop like strings of pearls to adorn the fern-like foliage (similar to astilbe). The medicinal properties of Goatsbeard were celebrated among Native groups. Native to the Pacific Northwest, in both the coastal and interior regions, Goatsbeard is hardy between USDA zones 3-7. It is found along the edges of forests and streams, needing some shade and moisture.

Wild Ginger is one of the finest native ground covers. Tucked among the beautiful heart-shaped, fragrant, evergreen leaves are small, brownish purple flowers like tiny bells. Wild Ginger develops colonies by spreading rhizomes. The hairy stems will also root readily if they stay in contact with the moist ground. Although not a close relative of the tropical ginger plant, the roots and rubbed foliage of Wild Ginger have a similar fragrance. Found along the Pacific coast, east into Montana (USDA 8-10), Wild Ginger needs shade and moisture.

Calohortus uniflorus (Cat’s Ear, Short Stemmed Mariposa Lily)

Coming across a Mariposa Lily anywhere at any time is always a treat. This shorter Pacific Northwest lily is a bit easier to grow than some of the taller ones. It does best in moist meadows and open woodland situations in USDA zones 8-9. It is found naturally at lower elevations of the Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon and can also be found around Monterey California. The solid bright lavender to pink petals have small hairs, therefore dubbed Cat’s Ears. The pronounced stamens are quite attractive and the tepals peeking through the petals give these lilies their characteristic look. Cat’s Ear needs Spring moisture but loves a dry sunny position in Summer with good drainage, a great rock garden lily.

Camassia leichtlinii ssp. suksdorfii (Leichtlin's Camas, Great Camas)

A beautiful perennial with star-like, slender petaled blossoms of creamy blue or white. The handsome clusters of flowers form on tall, 2-4' spikes in late spring, about three weeks after Common Camas. Greater Camas is found only on the west side of the Cascades and is hardy from USDA zones 6-10. Camas will do well in sun or filtered shade and succeeds in heavy soils. A true meadow plant, Camas likes moisture in the Winter and Spring followed by a dry period in the Summer.

Common Camas has several leaves, similar to those of the daffodil. The beautiful blue violet flowers are shaped like stars and grow along the 12-18" stem. Common Camas is found along the Pacific coast and east into Idaho. It is hardy between USDA zones 6-10. Native Western Americans relied on Camas for their sustenance and traveled great distances to attain it. The steamed bulbs are very sweet and were sometimes combined with Soapberry (Sheperdia canadensis) to sweeten that fruit. Do take extreme care in tasting Camas as its deadly look-alike, Death Camas (Zigadenus Venenosus), often grows alongside it. Bareroot bulbs available Sept - Dec. Ask.

Chamerion [Epilobium] angustifolium var. canescens (Fireweed)

Fireweed is known as a pioneer plant because it is one of the first flowers to move in after a fire or clear cut that would render the ground bare, and dies out once conifers and other forest species fill in. It is common to see large patches reaching up to 10’ among brambles. Fireweed is found across North America and is extremely hardy, USDA zones 1-9. The flower spikes open from the bottom up and can be subtle rose pink to vibrant magenta in color. This is not a difficult flower to grow given adequate sunlight and plenty of space to grow. Fireweed is a great source for honey.

This fine climbing vine grows vigorously to 40,' although it is significantly shorter in its northernmost ranges. Delicate clusters of showy white flowers bloom from June to mid-August and are followed by equally decorative fluffy seed heads. Hardy between USDA zones 5-10, Western Clematis grows on dry, weak soils from BC through the eastern ranges of the Cascades. Game birds favor this plant.

A delightful low deciduous dogwood ground cover growing only 2-8" tall and spreading rapidly (as much as 2-3' per year). The leaves form whorls and are glossy green with whitish undersides. The flowers are true dogwood flowers - four white bracts surrounding a pincushion of tiny flowerets. Bunchberry often blooms a second time in the fall. Red berries form in a cluster in the fall and were used as a food source by Natives. Bunchberry is being investigated as a treatment for cancer. Found across North America and Northeast Asia, Bunchberry is hardy between USDA zones 2-9. Bunchberry likes shade and acidic, moist soil, doing well in rotted log material.

Cynoglossum grande (Grand Hounds-Tongue)

Grand Hound’s Tongue is a West Coast perennial wildflower commonly found in woodland areas. The unusual name was given because the large rough textured leaves are said to resemble an actual hounds tongue. The flowers are blue to purple with white markings in the center and are displayed in clusters on 12 to 30” stems from February through April. Hound’s Tongue prefers a shady moist site at lower elevations and is common from British Columbia to the California coast, USDA zones 7-9.

This beautiful perennial is native to the Pacific Northwest (USDA 7-10). It is very similar to the cultivated varieties but has a substantially longer bloom time. In fact, it remains in flower all through the spring and summer. Fleshy textured, deeply cut leaves are as delicate as lace, and pendant, pink to purple flowers have gentle fragrance. Bleeding Heart likes shady, moist areas and makes an excellent understory plant. A must for every garden.

Dichelostemma [Brodiaea] congestum (Field Cluster Lily, Harvest Lily)

A native lily found on Vancouver Island, in Washington, in large quantities in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, and as far south as Northern California. The flower clusters have a short stem or peduncle, causing them to look crowded or congested as the name implies. The flowers are pale lavender to blue with tepals that are rounded at the ends. Field Cluster Lily is found in dry grassy areas and low rocky elevations and requires little or no additional water once planted. Brodiaeas are a wonderful addition to a natural wildflower prairie setting. USDA zones 5-8.

Dodecatheon hendersonii (Shooting Star, Mosquito Bill)

Shooting Stars are among the most loved wild flowers. This one has some distinguishing features that set it apart. Visually noticeable are the broader leaves and dark red to purple stems, and the other feature is their limited habitat. They are only found between the coast and Cascade Mountains from Vancouver Island to Southern California with a strong concentration found in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The 6-7” stems hold a cluster of rose purple nodding blooms. Peacocks prefer to grow in areas with adequate Spring moisture that will dry out in Summer, USDA zones 8-9.

Erythronium grandiflorum var. grandiflorum (Glacier Lily, Dogtooth Violet)

This is a beautiful lily native to the Western states and parts of British Columbia. Glacier Lily adapts well in USDA zones 3-9, and will form colonies over time. These lilies are found on slopes and in high elevation areas blooming as early as March just after the snow melts and as late as August. The flower tepals are yellow and recurved and have either white or brown anthers depending on the location. The leaves and stem are solid green without decorative markings and overall size depends on where they are found. Within the Cascade Region it is not uncommon to find diminutive 6” Glacier Lilies, but east of the Cascade Mountains they can reach 1-2’. They definitely prefer areas that receive a Winter chill and good drainage. What a cheery site these early lilies are after a long Winter.

A beautiful lily-like plant, with interesting mottled leaves and tall stalks to 1.' The exquisite pale yellow flowers bow timidly. White Fawn lilies self-seed generously to ensure future blooms but be patient. Like so many of our wildflowers, they take many years to mature from seedlings to flowering plants - all the more reason to marvel at and respect our native flowers. White Fawn lily likes moisture and a well-drained soil and does well in gardens. It is found from Vancouver Island to northern Oregon (USDA 7-9).

A superb evergreen ground cover, Coastal strawberry does well in sun or partial shade. True to its name, this strawberry is native to beach areas and other inhospitable growing sites from Alaska to Chile and in Hawaii as well (USDA 7-10). It spreads by runners to forms low, compact mats, 6 - 12" high. The leaves are leathery with red tints in winter. Large white flowers in the spring are followed by delectable berries that put store-bought berries to shame!

This fine, deciduous strawberry has small, delicious fruit. Light green, sharply toothed, clover-like leaves distinguish this plant. With long runners, it spreads easily to make a nice ground cover. Found in the wild in shaded sites from southern BC to California (USDA 5-9), it is more common on the West side of the Cascades than the East side.

Similar to the Wood's Strawberry, bluish green top leaves distinguish this species. With its bright white flowers and delicious fruit, this deciduous, low-growing plant, reaches only 2-5” in height. Tucked among larger plants, they cover the ground to hold soil, retain moisture and keep youngsters entertained treasure hunting for the delicious berries on warm summer days. Wild strawberry is more common on the East side of the Cascades, but it is also found on the Western side. Usually occurring at higher elevations than the other Fragaria species, Wild strawberry grows on rocky slopes in full sun and often follows the path of rainwater runoff. It is hardy between USDA zones 4-10.

This beautiful perennial has whorled leaves and very unusual, flowers which are dark purple, mottled with green-yellow. The patterns on the bell-shaped, nodding flowers are intriguing. Underground, the scaly bulb has many rice-like bulblets that Natives ate as we eat rice today. But please so not sample in the wild – these plants are incredibly rare, both in the wild and commercially. Like many of our wildflowers, the spectacular display of beauty comes only after many years of maturation and effort. Found from BC to California and East to Idaho (USDA 5-10), this is a meadow species, favoring a dry, sunny site with excellent drainage. Chocolate lilies need water in the Winter and Spring, but tolerate drought in summer. They do well in rock gardens.

Fritillaria pudica (Yellow Bells)

This is a short version of the beloved Fritillaria topping out at only 6” tall in most situations. Because the nodding blooms are more open and often found one per stem, they resemble a small tulip. The flowers are deep yellow with a tinge of brown around the base. The little erect leaves give this flower an animated appearance. They are found growing from British Columbia to Northern California east of the Cascade Mountains in USDA zones3-9. They are known to be very hardy and draught tolerant although they look very delicate. Yellow Bells will grow happily in the grassy meadow or woodland setting as well as being a welcome addition to the rock garden.

Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum (Large- Leaf Avens)

The most interesting characteristic of this wetland plant is the leaf variation, which makes it appear as if two plants were combined to make one. At the base, are rounded compound leaves of different sizes on long petioles, and hugging the main stem are three lobed leaves, which are deeply serrated. The yellow 5 petaled flowers are born at the end of the stems in May. Native Americans found that chewing the leaves of Large Leaf Avens was useful during childbirth and that the roots were good for producing a tea to cure stomachaches. This plant can be found from Alaska to California and east to Idaho and Montana; it is especially concentrated in USDA zones 1-9.

A delightful evergreen ground orchid of the Northwest. Distinctive criss-cross mottling on the rosette of leaves is like the skin of a "rattlesnake." Delicate flowers bloom on a 6” stem. Found scattered in dry to moist forests across North America and south to Mexico, Rattlesnake Plantain is prevalent in both Washington and Oregon (USDA 6-10). The easiest of the Northwest native orchids to grow.

A massive native perennial, towering at 8-10.’ The central stem forms an umbrella of smaller stems adorned with huge, coarsely toothed leaves. The flower head is similarly an umbrella of tiny, white flowers. Butterflies love the flowers, as do beneficial insects like ladybugs. Cow parsnip likes a rich, moist soil and plenty of room to grow. It is native along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts (USDA 3-9). Sometimes referred to as “Indian Celery” or “Indian Rhubarb,” Cow parsnip was widely used by Natives as a vegetable. They ate the peeled stalks raw. It is not a good idea to sample this plant, as it closely resembles Water Hemlock, Poison Hemlock and Giant Cow Parsnip, all of which are extremely dangerous! Although plants may last only a few years, they will reseed themselves generously before they pass.

Hydrophyllum tenuipes (Pacific Waterleaf, Slender Waterleaf)

This woodland plant has tall 1-2’ stems and noticeable large palmate leaves. The flower clusters contain many small greenish white blooms with an occasional touch of lavender. The stamens are very pronounced and stand well above the blossoms, in typical waterleaf fashion. This is a coastal woodland plant that is found most frequently in moister areas. This Pacific Waterleaf is found west of the Cascade Mountains from British Columbia to Northern California, USDA zones 8-9. This is a known food for grazing wildlife.

Iris chrysophylla (Yellow Leaf Iris, Slender Tubed Iris)

Known as a Northwest Grass Iris, this wildflower is found in concentrations throughout Oregon and Northern California in USDA zone 6-9 areas. The grassy leaves and stem are long but are often bent over giving the plant an overall shorter appearance. The flower is cream colored with a yellow strip down the centered, which is surrounded by dark purplish veins. These irises will spread by rhizomes, eventually forming clumps. Grow them in an open area receiving moderate water and sunshine. These flowers are especially appropriate for the grassy meadow and open woodland.

A fine evergreen Iris, this plant reaches 1-2’ tall with a 3” flower. In Spring, the flowers range from lavender to violet and are framed by broad leaves. Douglas Iris is found on dry, grassy slopes and brush lands only between southern Oregon and central California. However, it is hardy from USDA zones 5-10. It grows well in either sun or shade and with little care will spread to form a 2-4’ clump. Being easy to grow and extremely long-lived (clumps have been found in the wild that are over 100 years old), the Douglas Iris should be in every native plant garden. Some sources describe this iris as an aggressive weed as livestock will not graze it– should we be so lucky to have this gorgeous native assert itself in our meadows!!

This rare and beautiful blue iris is found on the West side of the Cascades only in the Islands of Puget Sound. It can be grown far beyond its native habitat, however, as it is hardy between USDA zones 5-10. This iris likes regular watering and a generous helping of compost in its planting hole. “Iris” is the Greek word for rainbow, a reference to the variegated flowers.

Iris purdyi (Purdyi’s Iris)

While many irises are common and widespread, Iris purdyi has a limited natural habitat. It is primarily found along the coastal region of Northern California and the lowest coastal regions of Southern Oregon. It is a grass iris, which prefers good drainage and part to full sun situations. Purdyi also prefers warmer USDA hardiness zones 8-9, so it is not recommended for colder climates. The flower structure is very open and flat and the blooms are white with a yellow stripe and small touches of lavender. The darker purplish veins are generally fine and not as pronounced as some of the others. It is a good iris for the sunny rock garden or the warm grassy meadow.

A beautiful blue iris reaching 24” found at low elevations along the West Coast of Alaska and Canada (and also in China and Japan). Wild flag likes wet areas and does very well in a moist garden. Bear in mind that the plant will spread considerably and benefits greatly from dividing every few years. USDA zones 2-8. (Note--this plant is poisonous, especially the rhizome.)

A beautiful native grass iris, growing 1-2’ tall. Oregon Iris, as the name suggests is at home in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is also found scattered across western Washington and northern California. It can be successfully grown outside of this range, as it is hardy between USDA zones 5-9. It is a low growing iris with narrow grass-like blades and showy dark blue, short tube flowers on thin stems. Oregon iris grows in open, sunny sites, and sometimes in dry areas such as meadows, pastures and woodland openings, with an acidic soil. “Tenax” means tenacious and indeed the leaves were renowned for their strength. Natives used them for rope.

A showy succulent plant, this Lewisia is ideal for the rock garden. Rosettes grow to 8" wide. Flowers appear on the ends of the many 2-12” stems and are candy-stripped pink. Very hardy and easy to grow, Lewisia grows in sand and gravel in full sun at mid- to high elevations along the Pacific Northwest, doing especially well on the drier, eastern side of the Cascades, USDA 4-8.

Lewisia columbiana, var. rupicola (Columbian Lewisia)

This tiny Lewisia grows to only 8” tall. From multiple rosettes of dark, evergreen leaves arise as many as eight sprays of striped or entirely rose-colored flowers. This species can live for an exceptionally long time, given excellent drainage and acidic, gravelly soil. In the wild, it grows on rocky slopes and sends a large taproot between the crevices in the rock to anchor itself. Native west of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon, Columbian Lewisia is hardy only between USDA zones 6-8.

Lewisia cotyledon (Siskiyou Lewisia, Cliff Maids)

This species is striking in bloom and indeed its bloom cycle is long – from May to July. The clusters of striped flowers, ranging from magentas and reds to oranges and yellows, rise above the rosette of leaves. After blooming, tiny fruits form. These are edible but not tasty and are better left for future seed, as this species self-sows abundantly. Considered an endangered species, this Lewisia is found scattered throughout the Pacific Northwest, from BC to California and east through the Rocky Mountains, in USDA zones 3-8. It cannot withstand excessive watering and will rot if not given excellent drainage. In intense summer heat it will often die back but will rejuvenate in the fall.

Lewisia leeana (Lee's Lewisia, Quill-Leafed Lewisia)

The Quill-leafed Lewisia brings cheer to the rocky slopes it inhabits from the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and the Sierra Nevada range in California (USDA 4-8). The small leaves are thick, fleshy and slightly waxy. They curl downwards like a hand grasping the rocks while the flower stalks extend upwards, the tiny, bright pink flowers held high. It requires excellent drainage and acidic soil. All Lewisias are ideal species for outdoor terracotta pots where they can be moved under an awning or roof overhang in the fall and winter when excessive rains can cause them to rot. Do not bring them indoors though – they need the cold weather in order to bloom. This plant is considered to be very rare and efforts are being made to protect it.

This beautiful perennial native lily grows from 2-4’ tall. From the whorls of 6-9 lime green leaves, stretch the flowering stalks. Each stalk is laden with clusters of 2,” bell-like, orange flowers with red spots. They hang pendant, the petals curling backwards to the stem. Very hard to find commercially, Tiger lily is equally rare in the wild due to people harvesting them. If you were blessed to see one, you would find them along the Pacific Coast and inland to Nevada and north to Idaho (USDA 5-10). They frequent open woodlands, steep slopes, roadsides and favor rich, well-drained soil. In the garden they do remarkably well, preferring their heads in the sun but their bases in the shade of other plants. Bare root bulbs often available Sept - Nov. Ask.

A beautiful lily with early summer flowers of red and orange, spotted with purple. Leopard lily forms clumps and can reach 6.’ Often as many as ten pendant flowers grace each stem. This lily is native to wet meadows and the edges of streams along the coastal regions of the northwest, USDA 5-9. In the garden it needs regular water. Leopard lilies are extremely resilient to diseases and pests. This lily does not appreciate being transplanted, so choose your site carefully.

Lilium parryi (Lemon Lily)

This lily is one to plant simply to assure its existence, but you will want it for its beauty and fragrance. Its limited native range is in the mid to upper elevations of Southern California and Arizona along streams and riparian areas, USDA zones 6-10. Do not confuse Lemon Lily with the Daylily that shares the same common name but is not a true lily. The yellow trumpet shaped flowers have vivid brown anthers and often have maroon speckles inside. The tall flower stems can reach up to 6 feet tall and will produce several flowers per stem.  Lemon Lily grows best in moist rich soil in  partial sun.

Lilium washingtonianum (Washington Lily, Cascade Lily)

As the name implies, this lily is common to regions of Washington and Oregon along the Columbia River and Cascade Mountains, and also the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Washington Lily is hardy to USDA zones 8-9, and happiest in dry well drained sunny situations. This is a tall lily reaching 3-6’ tall. The stalks are covered with fragrant trumpet shaped flowers that are white with dark purple speckles. The flowers will change from white to a purple pink color with age. This is a must have incredible flower for temperate climates.

This evergreen groundcover has a truly unique form. Growing to only 6” tall, this semi-woody vine spreads by long runners and has many small shiny leaves close to the ground. Come Summer and a multitude of delicate flower stalks pop up, each adorned with beautiful pink, trumpet-shaped flowers hanging upside-down in pairs (or twins). They are pink and have a wonderful fragrance which some say is as sweet and tentative as almond. Native from Alaska to Oregon, Twinflower is hardy between USDA zones 2-8. It prefers partial to full shade and moist, acidic soil. It is sublime under a planting of Western Azalea (Rhododendron occidentale).

An unusual and beautiful perennial arum. Large, oval leaves are a vibrant green and can reach 1-4’ long and 2’ wide. A bright yellow "flower" in March is really a spathe consisting of many tiny flowers sheltered by a large, yellow bract. From the flowers comes a sell reminiscent of skunk spray, but so mild in comparison to the real thing! The plant actually utilizes its scent to attract pollinating insects. Skunk Cabbage likes boggy, wet conditions, so much so in fact that adventurers learn to steer clear of it, lest they lose their boots in the peat muck. Although the plant can be irritating (even toxic) Native groups did use the flat leaves to line baskets and pits for steaming food. Found from Alaska to California and inland to Montana, Skunk Cabbage is hardy between USDA 4-7.

Glossy green perennial with glossy heart-shaped leaves and small flower spikes. The fruit are tiny berries turning from green to brown and eventually red as they mature. An excellent ground cover, this plant barely reaches 1’ tall and spreads rapidly. Native from Alaska to northern California, USDA 4-9, False Lily-of-the-Valley is found in moist, shaded forests and boggy areas. It saw wide use medicinally among Native groups.

A showy perennial, False Solomon’s Seal is native to the Pacific Northwest. It is very hardy, surviving between USDA zones 3-8. Reaching heights of up to 3,’ False Solomon’s Seal will form clumps in very little time. It is an exceptionally easy plant to establish in a moist, shaded spot in the garden and asserts itself in the gentlest of ways. The arching stems bear many alternate, 2½ – 6”glossy green leaves, which make a tasty addition to salads and soups. Gorgeous, creamy white flowers develop in clusters at the tip of the stems, followed by dense clusters of berries. The flowers emit a lovely scent. Native groups respected the medicinal qualities of this plant.

A fine and delicate ground cover, Star-flowered Solomon’s seal is native to watercourses in mid- to high elevations from BC to California (USDA 5-9). It needs full to partial shade and rich, loamy soil. A dainty plant, reaching only 10” in height, its leaves are at near right angles to the unbranched stems. Star-shaped, white blossoms appear between April and June, followed by pea-sized berries that are green with purple stripes, turning dark purple at maturity.

A fine perennial wildflower to 2,’ with large, yellow flowers, like a roaring dragon, in the late Fall. Delightful patterns are sprinkled on the petal lips. Hummingbirds find the trumpet shape alluring. Native groups used the stems and leaves as a source of salt. Found throughout the Pacific Northwest (USDA 5-10), False Lily-of-the Valley is a riparian species. It cannot tolerate drought and while it grows at high elevations, it follows watersheds and mountain streams.

Myosotis alpestris (Alpine Forget-Me-Not)

This version of the well known forget me not is the state flower of Alaska, and is one and the same as Myosotis sylvatica, a native of Europe. It is commonly found in high alpine meadows and moist areas such as stream banks. This plant prefers part shade and will grow in USDA zones 1-8. It may act as a biennial or annual that will reseed and create a groundcover. It is hard to miss the sky blue flowers, which have yellow centers circled in white. The flowers appear in mid-Summer and continue for a long period of time. The foliage is a cluster of fuzzy basal leaves.

Oenothera elata [hookerii] ssp. hirsutissima (Hooker’s Evening Primrose, Sun Drops)   

This flower may act as a biennial or perennial depending on the conditions but will reseed and spread like an annual. It is mainly seen as a full sun prairie plant but is also found in other low elevation areas. The golden yellow flower is cup shaped and turns a darker reddish color as it fades. True to its name it will bloom in the evening and then wither but more buds are always waiting to open throughout the long bloom period throughout Summer and Fall. Hooker’s Evening Primrose can be found throughout the Western United States and will grow in USDA zones 3-10. This plant is very tolerant of wet situations and will become a fairly good-sized plant. Plant Sun Drops where they will have ample space to grow.

A superb, forest ground cover perennial. The delicate leaves are similar to clover leaves and grow 2-6” tall. They will fold in on themselves when the sun goes down or on very dark days. Pink flowers are tucked amid the foliage and bloom between February and August. Found between BC and California, West of the Cascades (hardy between USDA zones 7-10), Wood sorrel needs the shade of larger plants. With regular watering it can completely fill in an area.

Penstemon serrulatus (Cascade Penstemon, Coast Penstemon)

Cascade Penstemon is found in moist low elevations along the coastal regions of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. This is a medium to tall penstemon; and true to the name, the thin medium green leaves are serrated along the margins. Cascade Penstemon will develop into a cold hardy sub-shrub in UDSA zones 5-8. The trumpet shaped flowers tend to be clustered atop the long stems and are blue to lavender sometimes with a yellow beard. This penstemon thrives near the waters edge and the moist woodland setting so it will do well in a sunny garden situation that is given water.

A beautiful, delicate plant to 3' tall with an open form of few branches and thin leaves, both covered with soft hairs. Creamy white flowers are bell-shaped and hang in pairs or triplets, followed by orange berries. Found in moist, shady forest areas from southern BC to northwestern Oregon (USDA 7-9) often along with False Solomon's Seal (Smilacina racemosa) and Wood Sorrel (Oxalis oregana).

Similar to Hooker's Fairybells, this species has but smooth stem and leaves and reaches only 15." Delightful white flowers hang pendant from the upright stems and are followed by red berries. This Fairybell spreads quickly by rhizomes to fill in a moist, shaded opening in your garden.

Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata (Self-Heal, Heal-All)

The common name for this plant tells the story. Heal-All has had so many medicinal uses there would be no other name as fitting. It has been made into a drink to use as a tonic, the leaves tea for heart ailments, the juice and leaves ointments and poultices for injuries and bruises, and the list goes on. Self-Heal’s native origin is Europe but the plant has naturalized over much of the continent. The foot high stems bear purple to pink hooded flowers throughout the Summer. It is a deep-rooted plant that will form dense mattes. Use it in areas needing a tough groundcover free of delicate plants that it might compete with. This plant will inhabit open disturbed sites as well as moist areas in USDA zones 1-11.

Sagittaria latifolia (Wapato, Arrowhead)

The starchy edible tubers of the Wapato were a noted food source for Native Americans and Lewis and Clark and are currently enjoyed by ducks and other waterfowl. This plant is commonly found in wet swampy areas across the continental United States but is less abundant today in the Pacific Northwest due to habitat destruction. The leaves grow above ground and are strongly arrow shaped. In mid Summer, flower stems appear bearing white flowers with yellow centers. Grow them in USDA zones 3-10 along stream banks and lake or pond edges. This is an important plant in the restoration of riparian zones in sun or part shade areas.

Sedum oreganum (Oregon Stonecrop)

It is unusual to find succulents growing in the Northwest but this one is found along the coast from Alaska to Northern California, USDA zones 5-10. Although this sedum requires regular water it also demands good drainage which explains why it is usually found growing in gravel or on rocky outcroppings. Oregon Stonecrop will develop into a matte of rosette shaped green fleshy leaves with bronze overtones. The yellow star shaped flowers will appear in clusters in summer and later wither but the leaves will remain evergreen. This sedum is a great choice for the rock garden.

A beautiful broad-leafed sedum that decorates the rock face from Northwest Washington State to California. Numerous tight rosettes of waxy, blue-green leaves give rise to erect stems that sport a cluster of charming yellow flowers. Use for your sunny rock gardens and other places where your watering hose will not reach! It grows fast and demands nothing in return except bright sunshine. It is remarkably adaptable, surviving from USDA 4-10.

A delightful, hollyhock-like perennial rarely found outside its native Oregon. Reaching a full 5,’ this plant develops stout stems to support one to five densely flowered racemes. Rose-pink petals age to a deep purple and are indeed regal. This checkermallow thrives in full sun to partial shade and is a riparian species, so it needs consistently moist soil in the garden. It is considered to be rare or threatened in its natural habitat. Butterflies find it irresistible.

Sidalcea virgata (Rose Checker Mallow, Wild Hollyhock)

Rose Checker Mallow is native to Washington and Oregon’s Willamette Valley along roadsides, moist meadows, and hillsides, USDA zone 8. This Wild hollyhock has loose racemes of rose pink to magenta flowers in Springtime. It will spread by rhizomes, which develop into clumps over time. The plant will reach 1-2’ tall with palmate lower leaves and deeply cut foliage along the stem. This is a wonderful wildflower for mild moist areas and will create an inviting habitat for butterflies.

Sisyrinchium californicum (Golden-Eyed Grass)

This grass-like perennial is in the Iris family. From the clumps of grass-like foliage sprout bright yellow flowers with six petals and noteworthy veins. They bloom throughout the entire summer, opening wide in the morning but tucking in for a siesta during the hot afternoon sun. Golden-eye grass likes moisture in the early Spring and cannot survive drought conditions. Found in wetlands at low elevations from southern Vancouver Island to California, USDA 8-10.

Sisyrinchium idahoense var. idahoense (Idaho Blue-Eyed-Grass)

What a treat it is to have the grass sprout attractive blue to purple blooms. Blue-Eyed-Grass has star shaped flowers with yellow centers that appear from early Spring to mid-Summer. They are native to the Pacific Northwest and coastal California but can be found throughout the Western states in moist marshy meadows and grasslands, USDA zones 3-9. The flower stems can be from 4” to 16” tall with the linear leaf blades being slightly shorter in stature. Blue-Eyed-Grass requires a moist situation in part to full sun.

Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Canada Goldenrod) 

Goldenrod is a very widespread perennial covering much of North America, USDA zones 1-11. It was originally brought to America to use as a tea substitution during the revolutionary war. Goldenrod does not cause allergic reactions as once thought. It can be found growing in sunny open areas, roadsides, and hillsides. It can become quite tall up to 4’ with linear leaves along the stem. The flowers are in plume like clusters of tiny yellow flowers that open in early Fall. It is a good plant for the wildflower meadow.

Symphyotrichum [Aster] chilense (Pacific Aster, Wetland Aster)

This wetland flower is found primarily along stream banks, moist grasslands, and forested wetlands form Alaska to California. This is a favorite for native bees and butterflies carving out an important niche for this species. This perennial aster is hardy on the West Coast and spreads by rhizomes. In colder climates, it may act like an annual spreading by seed. Meet this aster’s need for moisture and sunshine, and it will do well. The stalks are tall and airy with sparse foliage, but the flowers are quite nice. The dainty flower heads have blue to violet outer rays, and the small tubular central flowers that may be white on occasion but are generally yellow. This is a valuable plant for wetland habitat. USDA zones 5-9.

A handsome perennial to about 2' tall, the Douglas Aster is found throughout the northwest and is most prevalent west of the Cascades (USDA zones 5-9). It is very common in coastal Alaska and northern BC. It grows in meadows, forest clearings, on beaches and in both salt- and freshwater wetlands. Nice purple flowers are ½" from multiple, hairy stems and bloom in late summer. They attract butterflies and bees.

Synthrys reniformis (Spring Queen, Kitten Tails)

Certainly one of the harbingers of Spring in the Pacific Northwest, revealing its blue bell shaped flowers just as the snow is retreating. It is a quaint little plant with round scalloped leaves in a basal rosette with the flowers held above the foliage. It prefers a moist forest environment in partial shade or morning sun. Spring Queen can be found along the coast from Washington to California, USDA zones 8-9. This is a must have plant for the woodland garden.

A nice woodlander, Fringecup likes damp, open ground. From the round and scalloped leaves emerge 2’ wands, each bearing 50 or more ½” delightful, pale cream or greenish flowers. As the fragrant flowers mature, the fringe turns rosy pink. Fringecup makes an excellent ground cover as it spreads easily and looks fabulous en masse. Hummingbirds will thank-you for the sweet nectar. It is found between Alaska and California, in coastal and interior ranges and into Idaho as well. It does well in USDA zones 5-10. Mature plants can be divided.

Tolmiea menziesii (Piggyback Plant, Youth-on-Age)

A fine perennial, Piggyback plant is sometimes used as a houseplant. The common names allude to the plant’s odd habit of growth: new, young leaves grow from the bases of the older leaves. They, in turn, eventually wither away and the newer leaves continue the cycle. Chocolate-colored, wand-like flowers bloom in the Spring. Piggyback plant is native from Alaska to California, in USDA zones 7-10. It requires moisture and some shade to thrive.

Trillium kurabayashii (Giant Purple Trillium)

We are currently in the propagation stages with this rare and exotic trillium. We hope to offer it for sale in the near future. In the meantime, may we suggest Trillium Ovatum (Western Trillium) or Trillium Parviflorum (Sessile Trillium). You might establish a bed of these trilliums now and add the Trillium Kurbayashi when it becomes available.

Trilliums are the most beautiful of all native flowers and this one is t he common trillium of the Northwest. Single stalks bear three large leaves. Close to Easter, a large white flower with three petals opens from a small stem above the leaves. As it ages, the flower becomes a pleasing purple. These flowers are small miracles of nature, requiring seven years to grow from seed to flower. Found along the Pacific coast and inland throughout the Rocky Mountains (USDA 5-8), Western trillium grows at low elevations and often along streams or seasonal waterways. It needs shade and rich soil.

Trillium parviflorum (Sessile Trillium)

A beautiful 12” trillium found in Marion and Polk counties in Oregon - close to a rare status. Occurring in the understory of hardwoods (usually Oregon Ash and sometimes Red Alder or Garry oak), this trillium needs shade and moist soil. It will even tolerate seasonal flooding. The leaves are somewhat mottled and often larger than those of Western Trillium. The flowers sit directly on the three leaves. Their white color fades to purple with age - spectacular. The seed pods are plump with a purple dye.

Triteleia [Brodiaea] hyacinthina (Hyacinth Brodiaea, Fool’s Onion)

Formerly known as Triteleia hyacinthina, this lily has papery white flowers with green veins that often have a purple cast to them. Although not hyacinths, they are thought to resemble the beloved flower. Neither is this brodiaea an onion, but I think it much more resembles the allium family and is why it is given the common name Fool’s Onion. This West Coast native brodiaea it is frequently found from Southern British Columbia to Northern California West of the Cascade Mountains. It is not uncommon to find it growing among grasses or sagebrush. Grow in USDA zones 4-9 in a well-drained sunny spot.

An excellent, vigorous groundcover that likes the shade. Dull, green deciduous leaves are delicate and grow 8-16" tall. Tucked amid the foliage are the large, white flowers folded backwards on themselves, like those of the shooting star species. Found at low elevations from Tacoma to California (USDA 8-10), Inside-out flower needs shade and moisture. It does exceptionally well under the canopy of alders or maples, where the fallen leaves keep the soil cool and moist. A good companion to Salal and Rhododendrons.

Veratrum viride (Corn Lily, False Hellebore)

It is easy to see why this perennial plant would be called Corn Lily, the wide leaves grow in a similar fashion and the yellow flowers hang in tassels looking much like the silk hanging from a ripe cob of corn. But it is not related to corn and is not edible; in fact the roots contain a strong poison that is used as an insecticide. This full sun plant prefers moist meadows, swamps and bogs. It is a widespread plant found across much of Canada as well as most of the United States with the exception of the Deep South, USDA zones 1-11.

Viola adunca (Early blue Violet, Western Long Spurred Violet)

Adunca refers to the two lower petals of this flower; it means hooked, which describes the way they protrude outward. The petals are purple and streaked with dark veins and may vary in color by region. This violet is possibly the most common one found from Alaska across the Western United States as well as the upper portion of the East Coast, USDA zones 1-9. Violets have become more and more popular in salads and candied for desserts, the purple color make these a nice addition to any meal. The round leaves are in a basal rosette, and the seed capsules explode allowing the plants to spread. They grow well in moist to average soil and sun to part shade.

The largest native violet, with cheerful little blooms. Pointed, toothed leaves form on the ends of the stems and delightful yellow flowers with purple striations reach upwards on fragile-looking stalks. Yellow violets like moisture and spread quite eagerly. They are native from Alaska to the Sierra Nevada and east to Montana, USDA zones 5-8. They are also found in northeast Asia. Usually available late April.